Valeriy Vladimirovich Polyakov (Валерий Владимирович Поляков, Valeriy Vladmirovich Polyakov) (born April 27, 1942) is a Russian cosmonaut. He holds the record for the longest spaceflight in human history, staying aboard the Mir space station for more than 14 months during one trip. His combined space experience is more than 22 months. He was born in Tula, Tula Oblast, Russian SFSR. He is married and has one child. He was selected as a cosmonaut in Medical Group 3 on March 22, 1972. He retired as a cosmonaut on June 1, 1995.

His original name was Valeriy Ivanovich Korshunov; after being adopted by his stepfather in 1957, he changed his name. He entered Tula Secondary School No. 4 and graduated in 1959. He then entered the I M Sechenov 1st Moscow Medical Institute and graduated with a doctorate degree. He then specialized in astronautics medicine at the Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Ministry of Public Health, Moscow. He is currently the Deputy Director of the Ministry of Public Health in Moscow.

He was a Doctor Cosmonaut on Soyuz TM-6 / Soyuz TM-7 and Soyuz TM-18 / Soyuz TM-20 mission to the Mir space station.