The Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission is recognised as a member of the worldwide network of National institutions for human rights, a 'national human rights institution' or NHRI, although it operates at sub-national level. It came into existence on 1 March 1999. It was created by section 68 of the Northern Ireland Act 1998, in compliance with a commitment made by the UK Government in the Belfast (Good Friday) Agreement of 10 April 1998.

The full-time Chief Commissioner Prof. Monica McWilliams, succeeded the first holder of the office, Prof. Brice Dickson, in 2005. There is a variable number of part-time Commissioners (currently nine). The NIHRC's role is to promote awareness of the importance of human rights in Northern Ireland, to review existing law and practice and to advise the Secretary of State and the Executive Committee of the Northern Ireland Assembly (when it is functioning) on what legislative or other measures ought to be taken to protect human rights in Northern Ireland.

It is specifically charged with advising on the scope for a Bill of Rights to supplement the European Convention on Human Rights (which is part of the law in Northern Ireland as a result of the passing of the Human Rights Act 1998).

In addition, the Commission is able to conduct investigations, and (subject to anticipated legislaton) will soon have new powers to enter places of detention, and to compel individuals and agencies to give oral testimony or to produce documents. The Commission also has the power to assist individuals when they are bringing court proceedings, to intervene in proceedings and to bring court proceedings itself. It receives inquiries from people who believe that their human rights have been violated, and provides training and information on human rights.