James Keane (August 26, 1857 - August 2, 1929) was a former Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dubuque. He led the Dubuque, Iowa Archdiocese from August 11, 1911 until his death in 1929. James Keane was born in Joliet, Illinois.

Keane was ordained a priest on December 23, 1882 for what then was called the Archdiocese of Saint Paul (now the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis). He served as a priest until his appointment as Bishop of the Cheyenne, Wyoming diocese on June 10, 1902. He was formally ordained and installed as Bishop on October 28, 1902.

Keane was named as the next Archbishop of Dubuque in 1911, following the retirement of Archbishop John Keane. Even though he succeeded a man who shared his last name, the two men were not related. The two men also had very different personalities. John Keane was well liked in the community, and nicknamed "Sugar" for his kind and generous nature. James Keane however, would come to be nicknamed "Hickory" due to his stern nature. During his time as Archbishop, Keane was known as a staunch supporter of the temperance movement - and Keane took every opportunity to speak out against alcohol consumption.

Keane led the Archdiocese until his death on August 2, 1929. He would be succeeded by Francis Beckman. Like John Keane, James Keane also was buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery in Key West, Iowa. Keane was one of three Archbishops to date who has not been buried at St. Raphael's Cathedral.