Inge Lehmann (May 13, 1888 - February 21, 1993), Fellow of the Royal Society (London) 1969, was a Danish seismologist who, in 1936 , argued that the Earth must not only have a molten interior, but a solid core at the centre, which deflects P waves . She also wrote a book called P, which dealt with P waves and other aspects of seismography. She was awarded the Tagea Brandt Rejselegat twice, in 1938 and 1967. She was the first woman to be awarded the William Bowie Medal of the American Geophysical Union, in 1971. Professor Francis Birch noted then that the "Lehmann discontinuity was discovered through exacting scrutiny of seismic records by a master of a black art for which no amount of computerization is likely to be a complete substitute..."

In 1997 the American Geophysical Union established the Inge Lehmann Medal to honor "outstanding contributions to the understanding of the structure, composition, and dynamics of the Earth’s mantle and core."