:Also see Anthony Burns (politician).

[[Image:Anthony Burns 3b37099r.jpg|thumb|right|300px| A portrait of the fugitive slave Anthony Burns, whose arrest and trial under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 touched off riots and protests by abolitionists and citizens of Boston in the spring of 1854. A bust portrait of the twenty-four-year-old Burns, "Drawn by Barry from a daguereotype [sic] by Whipple and Black," is surrounded by scenes from his life. ]]

Anthony Burns (31 May 1834 to 17 July 1862) was born a slave in Stafford County, Virginia. As a young man, he converted to Baptism and became a "slave preacher". 1850 would prove a vital year in Burns' life because of the passage of the new Fugitive Slave Law that said that all slaves must be returned to their master regardless of where they are discovered, a major setback to abolitionists' efforts to emancipate all slaves. Vigilante groups with members of both races sprang up in retaliation, attacking convoys leading fugitive slaves back into bondage in the Deep South where the hopes of escape were slim. This law would later cause Burns great troubles when he became a fugitive himself.

Burns fled from Richmond by ship to Boston in 1853. On May 24 of 1854, he was discovered and arrested. Boston, being a hub of resistance toward the "slave power" of the south, reacted by attempting to free Burns. This the perfect excuse for President Franklin Pierce to make an example of the force he was willing to employ in order to enforce the Fugitive Slave Law. This act of force ended up turning against those in favor of slavery in the long run. During his trial on May 26, two days after his seizure, a mob of angry abolitionists that included Thomas Wentworth Higginson and other Bostonians outraged at Burns' arrest, stormed the court house with the intention of freeing him. In the scrape that followed, a US marshal, James Batchelder was shot and became the second U.S. Marshal to be killed in the line of duty. It has been estimated the cost of capturing Burns was upwards of $40,000. Burns remained under the control of the police. What resulted was a mass influx of US troops and anti-slavery activists into the city.

The trial was a formality as the decision was all but predetermined before Burns even set foot in the courthouse. Richard Henry Dana, his attorney, along with his African American associate Robert Morris did all he could on his behalf but to no avail. Effectively under martial law for the afternoon, the streets of Boston between the courthouse and the harbor were lined with federal troops holding back the waves of protesters as Anthony Burns was escorted to the ship that would return him to his original master. Unfortunately for President Pierce and his pro-slavery constituents, the matter was not put to rest as Burns headed south. Some of the reactions included; the formation of an Anti-Man Hunting League in Massachusetts; William Lloyd Garrison burning a copy of the Fugitive Slave Law, the Burns' court decision, and the Constitution of the United States; and as a result of the efforts of the Vigilance Committee, the eventual removal in 1858 of Edward G. Loring, the judge who tried Burns, from office. In a broader sense it fueled anti-slavery sentiments all across the North.

The abolitionist community in Boston raised $1,200 in order to try to ransom Burns' freedom from his master, Charles F. Suttle, but Suttle refused to deal with anyone seeking Burns's emancipation. After Burns was forced back to Virginia, Suttle sold him for $905 to David McDaniel, a slaver, cotton planter, and horse-dealer from Rocky Mount, North Carolina. Leonard A. Grimes eventually managed to ransom Burns's freedom from McDaniel, with financial aid from Boston, for $1,300. Burns, once freed, returned to live in Boston.

With proceeds that came from his biography, combined with a scholarship, he received an education at Oberlin College. After preaching in Indianapolis for a while, Burns moved to Canada and became a small Baptist church preacher. He preached until his early death at the age of 28 in St. Catharines on July 17, 1862.